(a) What is a map?

(b) What are map projections?

(c) Name the three main kinds of map projections.

(d) What is scale? Name the three methods of showing scale.

A (1) __________ is used on a map to indicate direction. When it shows only one direction, it usually points (2) _________ When it gives two directions, then it usually indicates (2) and the opposite direction (3) _______ , The four (4) _______ directions are (5) _______ , ______,  ______ , and _______· If (1) shows eight directions, then it includes (5) plus the directions directly between these directions. These directions are (6) _________, (7) _________ , (8) _________ and (9) ________. 

(a) The science of map making.

(b) A collection of maps bound into a book.

(c) An imaginary line that circles the Earth's middle.

(d) The most important tool in the study of geography.

(e) Instrument used to find directions on the Earth.

(f) An imaginary line drawn through Greenwich, in England.

(g) Map showing mountains, plateaus, plains, rivers etc. of an area.

(h) Standard symbols that are used the world over to represent features on a map.

(i) A straight line, drawn to scale, divided in terms of distances on the Earth.

(j) A person who makes maps.

(a) Name the three layers of the Earth.

(b) What is the lithosphere?

(a) The innermost layer of the Earth is the ___________. 

(b) Africa is separated from Asia by the _________ canal.

(c) The Strait of Gibraltar separates Africa from ___________. 

(d) The _________ of _________ connects North America to South America.

(e) The Equator passes through the middle of the continent of __________. 

(a) Europe is the smallest continent.

(b) Penguins are found in Europe.

(c) Most of South America lies in the Southern Hemisphere.

(d) The Antarctica contains 75% of the ice in the world.

(e) Lake Titicaca is the world's deepest lake.

(a) Africa was called the "Dark Continent"

(b) Antarctica is called the "Frozen Continent".

(c) Australia is called the "Island Continent".

(a) The highest lake in the world.

(b) Realm of Earth consisting of rocks.

(c) Upper layer of the Earth's crust.

(d) The largest continent.

(e) The continent with the highest population.

(f) The second largest continent.

(g) The longest river in the world.

(h) The largest desert in the world.

(i) The continent that lies entirely in the S. Hemisphere.

(j) The highest mountain peak.

(a) Ayers rock

(b) The Great Lakes

(c) The Great Barrier Reef

(d) The Great Rift Valley

(e) The Grand Canyon

(f) The Yellow Stone National Park

(g) World's highest mountain peak

(h) The Atacama Desert

(i) Fiji Island

(j) World's deepest lake

(a) What is an ocean?

(b) What is a sea?

(c) Give three examples to justify this statement: A marginal sea is an extension of an ocean.

(a) The International Date line passes through this ocean.

(b) This has a very indented coastline.

(c) This is the smallest ocean.

(d) These two oceans are separated by the Bering Strait.

(e) The deepest part of the Earth's crust is in this ocean.

(f) This ocean has served as a trade link between the far East and Europe.

(g) This ocean is like a raft of ice.

(h) This is the only ocean named after a country.

(i) This ocean is the busiest for trade and commerce.

(j) This ocean was named by the explorer Ferdinand Magellan.

(a) The _________ Sea has the highest salinity.

(b) The ____________ Sea is the largest inland sea.

(c) The ___________ Sea is surrounded by six countries.

(d) The __________ Sea was once the fourth largest inland sea but is now shrinking.

(e) The ___________ Sea is part of the shipping route connecting Europe and East Asia.

(f) The __________ Sea is home to a large number of seabirds and marine animals.

(g) The _____________Sea is the largest fishing ground in the world.

(h) An _______________ is a sea containing a cluster or chain of islands.

(i) A ______________ is a landmass surrounded by water on three sides.

(j) An _______________ is a landmass surrounded by water on all sides.

Precipitation - Evaporation - Water bodies - Condensation - Groundwater - Transpiration

(a) Name three crops used by the textile industry.

(b) Name three other non-agricultural sectors that use crops as raw material.

(a) In plantation agriculture, only a single crop is grown.

(b) Wheat is grown mostly in tropical countries.

(c) Wheat grows well in alluvial soil.

(d) India is the world's largest producer of rice and wheat.

(e) Rice grows well in a cool and moist climate, on well drained loamy soil and moderate rainfall.

(i) Plantations are also known as _________ in America.

(ii) Rice can be cultivated on hill slopes that are __________. 

(iii) The main varieties of millet grown in India are ____________,  ______________ and __________. 

(iv) ____________ and ___________ are the world's largest producers of maize.

(v) ___________ farming is a form of sustainable agriculture.

(vi) There are two main agricultural seasons in India: the _________ and the _________ season.

(vii) ___________ is the largest producer of sugarcane and coffee in the world.

(viii) Jute is also known as the __________ fibre.

(ix) In India, the first rubber plantation was in ____________ . 

(x) India ranks first in the production of _____________and ___________. 

(a) Sugarcane

(b) Cotton seed

(c) Jute fibre

(d) Rubber

(a) What is a mineral?

(b) State a distinguishing characteristic of ferrous and nonferrous minerals and give three examples of each.

(c) Name the three types of rocks.

(a) The solid material which make up the Earth's crust.

(b) A naturally occurring deposit in the Earth's crust.

(c) Deposits in the Earth's crust from which a metal can be extracted economically.

(d) Minerals of organic origin.

(e) Soft and non lustrous minerals.

(a) It was formed when lava on the Earth's surface cooled down.

(b) Gems, precious stones and metallic minerals are found in these rocks.

(c) Granite and basalt are examples of this type of rock.

(d) This was formed from the debris of other rocks and living matter and are found in layers.

(e) Diamond and marble are examples of this type of rock.

(f) Intense heat, pressure, volcanic activity movements in the Earth's crust cause formation of this type of rock.

(g) Fossils are found in this type of rock.

(h) They are known as primary rocks.

(i) Coal and limestone are examples of this type of rock.

(j) These rocks are also known as stratified rocks.

(a) State the latitudes and longitudes within which North America lies.

(b) What is a Time Zone?

(c) Name the countries other than islands that are included in North America.

(a) Most of North America lies in the _________ zone.

(b) _________ which lies north of Canada, was a former Danish colony that is now self governing.

(c) North America is joined to South America by the _________ of Panama.

(d) The Western Cordilleras are about _________ km long and stretch from ________in the north to _________ in the south.

(e) _________ is the highest peak in North America.

(f) The __________ are old fold mountains and are made up of ancient rocks.

(g) The __________ circle passes through the northern part of Canada.

(h) The ____________, ____________ form a chain of small islands in the Caribbean. _________ is the largest country of North America.

(i) The Western Cordilleras are __________, ________ mountains.

(a) An important line of latitude that passes through Mexico.

(b) The three largest countries of North America.

(c) The seven countries of Central America.

(d) Six tropical islands of the Caribbean.

(e) The strait that separates North America from Asia.

(f) The three physical divisions of North America.

(g) The highest mountain range in North America.

(h) Three intermontane plateaus.

(i) A river that flows through Alaska into the Bering Sea.

(j) An important north flowing river of North America.

(k) The longest river of North America.

(l) The Great Lakes.

(m) The river that has cut deep gorges known as the Grand Canyon.

(n) The mountains stretching from the valley of the St. Lawrence River down through most of eastern USA.

(o) Three archipelagoes in the Caribbean Sea.

(a) North America has Five Time Zones.

(a) State the latitudes and longitudes within which South America lies.

(b) Name the four physical divisions of South America.

(c) Name the three river basins that make up the Central Lowlands.

(a) The southern most tip of South America.

(b) The islands that lie at the Equator in the Pacific Ocean.

(c) The largest country of South America.

(d) The second highest mountain range in the world.

(e) Two of the world's highest volcanoes.

(f) Two intermontane plateaus in the Andes.

(g) The longitude that divides South America into almost two equal halves.

(h) A group of islands found at the southern tip of South America.

(i) Two deserts found in South America.

(j) An archipelago of South America.

(a) The Andes are like the backbone of South America.

(b) Mt. Cotopaxi is the highest mountain of the Andes.

(c) The Eastern Highlands are made of old crystalline rocks.

(d) The Orinoco Basin is also known as the Campos.

(e) The Amazon River with its tributaries forms the largest river system in the world.